Expressing Preference & Pleasure

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by heart. Your sub – conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

A.

Expressing preference

I prefer tea, I think.

I prefer tea to coffee.

I prefer jogging to running.

I prefer my sleeves half.

I like a calm place.

I prefer this one to that, actually.

I think I’d prefer something a bit brighter.

I have a preference for art films.

I prefer to go for an outing rather than to stay in.

Perhaps, it’d be better if I spoke to him myself.

B.

Asking about preference

Which do you prefer?

Coffee or tea?

This one or that one?

Would you prefer something cheaper?

Which of these pictures do you like best?

Do you have any particular design in mind?

What do you prefer to read? Fiction or non-fiction?

Would you rather have another piece?

Is there anything he particularly likes?

Do you like it?

Would you like to go for a film?

How do you like it there?

Don’t you enjoy flying?

Do you think they’d like it if I do it?

Do you like the idea of spending all the time on the beach?

Is there anything she particularly dislikes?

I like the idea of it.

Don’t you like her brother?

C

Having no preference

It’s up to you.

As you like.

Whatever you like.

Whichever you like.

Give me any of them.

Either will do – I have no preference.

Either one will be all right.

Either of them will do.

You choose.

You decide.

I’m not particular.

I’m easy.

I don’t mind – I’ll have either.

I don’t mind where we go

We’ll go anywhere you like.

It really doesn’t matter to me.

It’s all the same to me.

Give me a book – any book will do.

I don’t care where we go.

D.

Expressing pleasure

I do enjoy listening to Lata Mangeshkar.

How lovely! I like playing golf.

Oh, that’s good!

I’m glad to hear it.

I quite like burger.

That’s very nice to hear.

I’m very happy for you.

I’m quite keen on music.

That was a very good concert.

This cake’s delicious!

I like watching cricket matches a lot!

I really enjoyed my stay in Ooty.

I just can’t wait to tell him the good news.

Oh, it really is most interesting!

Congratulations!

It was such an enjoyable party!

E.

Expressing displeasure

I didn't like it.

I hate it.

I don’t like fish at all.

It was absolutely lousy.

I don’t like fish very much.

Rotten!

I don’t like waiting.

It was shocking, really.

I dislike sweeping floors.

I don’t drink coffee.

I thought it was very hot.

I didn’t think much of it.

I don’t like asking for loan.

I don’t like full sleeves.

It was no good, really.

I have to mix business with politics.

I’m not fond of cricket.

I didn’t like what he said.

It was absolutely dreadful, actually.

I dislike homework.

I can’t stand this loud noise.

Agreeing & Disagreeing

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by-heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

A.

Asking whether agrees or not

Isn't it?

Is it?

Don’t you think so?

Don’t you agree?

Don’t you think?

Do you agree?

How about it?

Right

OK?

All right

I don’t think we’re going to agree on this, are we?

Wouldn't you agree?

B.

Agreeing Openly

I agree with you.

Yes

Yeah sure.

You’re right.

Of course, that’s a good idea.

Yes, that’s quite true.

Well, you have a point there.

C.

Disagreeing Openly

No, I can’t agree with you.

No, never.

No.

You’re wrong.

That’s not a good idea.

No, that’s not true.

You don’t have a point there.

I can’t accept what you say.

It is not so/like that.

It’s impossible.

It can’t be so.

No, I couldn’t go.

I don’t know.

It cannot be.

This is not true.

D.

Agreeing reluctantly

Well, maybe you’re right about that.

Well, I suppose you’re right.

Well, may be.

Well, you know, it’s a bit difficult, but I’ll try.

Well, you may have a point there.

Yes, you may be right about that.

Yes, you could be right.

Yes, as far as I know…

You’re right, but…

I agree with you but…

I would agree, only….

Oh well, I’ll give it a try.

Perhaps you’re right about it.

Perhaps you may have a point there.

No, I suppose not.

E

Disagreeing tactfully

There’s a lot of truth in what you say, but…

Perhaps, but don’t you think…?

Yes, but don’t you think…?

Forgive me if I’m wrong, but…

Actually/In fact/I think….

I have to contradict you, but I think you’re wrong.

Excuse me, but that isn’t so.

Sorry, I don’t quite see it the same way…

I’m not sure I quite agree to that part about….

I don’t think it’s quite that simple, you see…

That’s a good idea, but….

To a certain extent yes, but…

That would be great, except…

Yes, that’s quite true, but…

I see what you mean, but…

I take your point, but…

Well, you have a point, but he didn’t do it deliberately.

Well, you have a point there, but…

I can see why you think that but…

I can see why you say that but…

That’s one way of looking at it, but…

Yes, may be/perhaps/possibly…

In most cases you would be right, but…

Personally, I’m more inclined to agree with… agree to…

Personally, I wouldn’t go so far to say that…

Yes, you’re quite right, of course, but how can we convince him of it?

Yes, but wouldn’t you say that he was absolutely sincere?

Yes, but what about yesterday?

Yes, but I think it’s not so much a case of…

You’re probably right, but is he telling the truth?

Yes, but don’t forget…

Perhaps, but don’t you think it was a bit odd?

True, but how about all the good things he has done?

I think perhaps it’s more a case of...

But isn’t it more a matter of….

Actually, I found the book a bit difficult to understand.

I know nothing in this connection.

Expressing ability & certainty

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by – heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

A.

Expressing ability

He can swim.

When I was your age, I could run a kilometer in 7 minutes.

She knows how to drive.

She has ability, but she is lazy.

He’s a good musician.

You can do much better, I’m sure.

He can speak English fluently.

B.

Expressing inability

She cannot do it without help.

He can’t speak French very well.

I’m sorry; I won’t be able to help you.

I couldn’t answer his questions.

She won’t be able to swim so fast.

He’s incapable of behaving badly to anyone.

She’s incapable of hard work.

She’s incapable of telling a lie.

He’s unable to help her.

He can’t swim as far as you.

I tried to move it, but I couldn’t.

I want to come, but I’m unable to.

I've never been any good at repairing things.

C.

Asking about ability or inability

Can you play piano?

Can you drive a bus?

Can you ride a bicycle?

Can you understand the instructions?

Can you swim across the river?

Can’t you explain it more simply?

Is he able to follow the lessons?

Isn't he able to read or write?

Is he unable to walk without crutches?

Were you able to solve the problem?

D.

Expressing certainty

No doubt, he’s one of the best singers we have.

They’ll come, I’m sure of it.

I’m sure she’s right.

It’s quite certain; she was trying to fool you.

I’m convinced that we can’t trust his words.

They’ll be here before the party starts, I’m sure.

I’m sure he’s done the right thing.

I know what he’s going to do.

I’m absolutely sure that she is from the US.

There’s no doubt that she comes from a royal family.

He must have left by now.

I’m sure that she’s the one who did it.

It’s clear that she knows him.

There’s no doubt about it in my mind.

Obviously, he is against the proposal.

We were at fault.

I have no doubt about it.

I’m quite positive that they had met earlier.

He’s innocent.

I’m convinced of it.

I feel quite sure that it was Susan.

He doesn’t stand a chance of winning

I don’t doubt that he wanted to help her.

It’s impossible that he could have seen her there.

E.

Expressing uncertainty

I don’t believe this is true.

I can’t believe it I am not sure.

I don’t believe this is true.

I can’t believe it as I am not sure.

I’m in a dilemma

I’m just not sure.

I don’t think so.

I’m not sure about it.

I can’t make up my mind.

I can’t decide if I should invite them

I don’t think he is right

I haven’t a clue.

I’m not sure whether he knows it.

Do you think I should call him?

I’m in two minds whether to accept it or not.

I don’t believe him.

Perhaps the answer is to leave it to chance.

I don’t know whether to do it or not.

Oh, I feel in such a muddle.

Oh, I must say I find that very odd.

He can’t have known about it.

I can’t decide what to do.

I don’t believe that he can do it.

He can’t do it, I think.

If only I knew what to do.

I can’t decide whether to take it back to the shop or not.

I can’t believe it, I really can’t.

Tell me a way out.

I’m in two minds about doing it.

F.

Asking about certainty and uncertainty

Are you quite sure?

How sure are you?

Do you think she’ll come?

How do you know?

Are you absolutely certain…?

Do you believe that he did it?

Are you absolutely sure?

Was it, really?

Do you think so?

Do you suppose that he’s right?

Can you help me?

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these words groups aloud several times.

A.

Requesting to help

Can you please help me?

Can you help me please?

Can you give me a pencil?

Can you give me some ten rupees notes, please?

Can you give me another note please?

Can you tell me the current balance in my account, please?

Could you tone down the music, please?

Could I ask you to move a little?

Could you possibly…

Could I borrow your pen?

Can you help me a minute, Please?

Can I have a glass of ice water?

Please help me.

Please give me a pencil and paper.

Will you do me favour?

Will you please open the window?

Do you think you could possibly do it for me?

Give me a hand, Kumar, will you?

B.

Offering help

I’ll help you.

I’ll help you, if you like.

I’ll do it, shall I?

I’ll do it for you.

I can help, if you want.

I’ll ring for the office boy.

I’ll be glad to help, if you need it.

Can I help?

Can I help you?

Can I be of any help to you?

Do you need any help?

Let me help you.

Please let me help you.

Let me carry your luggage.

Let’s have a look.

Permit me to help you.

Could I give you a hand with it?

Allow me to do it for you.

May be, I could help you do it.

Would you like me to close the gate?

Can I help you with it?

Can I be of any help?

Can I help you with anything?

Do you want me to have a look?

Do you want me to help with…?

Do you need some kind of help?

Shall I see, if I can help you?

Perhaps I could help you do it.

I s there any thing I can do to help?

Why don’t you let me help you with…?

Would you like me to get anything for you?

Want me to try?

C.

Accepting help

I’d be glad if you could.

That’s extremely good of you.

That’s very kind of you.

I’d appreciate it if you could.

That’d be lovely

That’d be great.

I’d be glad if you would.

I’d be delighted if you could.

You’re most minds.

Yes, please. I’d appreciate it.

Oh, could you do that?

That’d be very helpful.

Would you?

If you’re sure it’s no trouble for you…

Thanks. That’d be a great help.

Thanks very much.

D.

Declining help

Don’t worry.

That’s OK, thanks.

It’s OK< Thanks.

No, thank you.

Don’t bother.

No, Thanks I can manage.

No, please don’t bother – I can manage.

That’s very kind of you.

Thank you, but I can manage.

I’d rather do it myself, thank you.

No, thanks. I’m fine.

I’d better do it myself, thank you.

I’m all right, thank you.

EXERCISE

Ask the enquiry clerk at the Railway Station in your town to tell you the

1)      Most convenient train from your town to New Delhi

2)      Availability of Sleeper berth for this train.

3)      Fare for this journey.

Expressing Opinion

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by – heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

A.

Expressing opinion

I personally think...

I personally believe…

I personally feel...

Personally, I believe…

Personally, I think…

Personally, I feel…

I honestly feel…

In my personal opinion…

In my personal view…

I imagine…

I believe…

I reckon…

Do you know what I think? I think…

As I see it…

The way I look at it

The way I see it…

It appears…

It seems to me…

To my mind…

If you ask me…

I’d say that…

As far as I can tell...

Let me tell you…

To the best o f my knowledge…

I’m fairly certain that…

It’s quite obvious that…

B.

Asking someone’s opinion

Do you like her?

Do you think it’s going to rain?

What do you think about her dress?

Does it look very bad?

Do you feel that I should have accepted it?

How do you like this, then?

Was the lecture interesting?

Don’t you think this colour suits me?

How will it look if you mend it?

How about this, then?

Could I ask what your opinion is?

How do you feel about the way she behaved?

What did you think of the book?

What do you think of this?

What’s your opinion of your new boss?

Is this all right?

Do you think this is all right?

How do you think I’d look in that dress?

Do you have any views about this proposal?

What’s your opinion about the stand he has taken?

C.

Agreeing with an opinion

Yes, it is, isn’t it?

Uh huh...

Quite so.

Of Course!

I suppose so.

I agree entirely.

Exactly.

Quite.

Absolutely.

Definitely.

Sure.

Yes.

I know.

All right.

You’re quite right.

That’s quite true.

That’s quite right.

Of course.

How true.

That’s exactly what I think

That’s just what I think

Right.

I think so, too!

I couldn't agree more!

Yes, I agree.

Yeah, sure.

How true?

How fair?

That’s fair enough

That’s what I was going to say.

You took the words out of my mouth!

That’s a good point.

Yes, I’m afraid it was.

I agree with you.

That’s right.

Yes, I suppose so, absolutely.

I agree with that.

Yes, I’m in favour of it, too.

Suggestions / Advice

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by-heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

A.

Advising

The best thing to do would be to send him a fax.

Why don’t you let him have his way?

It’s quicker to travel by Car.

Give up bad habits.

Chew your food well.

Brush your teeth.

You should meet him tomorrow.

Don’t you think you ought to send them some money?

If you feel ill, don’t take any exercise.

I wouldn’t do it.

Take it from me; it’s no use waiting for John.

You ought to consult an advocate before it gets worse.

You’d better explain everything to the Principal

If I were you, I’d go now.

Mind your own business.

Hold with both hands.

You ought to call the police.

Arrange / keep everything in order.

Write in ink.

Attend to the guests.

Wait till the proper time

If I were you, I’d dismiss him right now

If you organize a music programme here, you’ll have everyone complaining.

Sacrifice your life for the motherland/country.

Be careful about bad habits.

Do read this interesting story.

I think you shouldn’t put it off any longer.

Take my advice. Turn a deaf ear to his complaints.

You should stop smoking.

B.

Asking for advice

Should I travel by Train or by Air?

How should I dress?

Can you tell me what I should do?

I’m thinking of leaving…

I can’t make up my mind whether to resign or not...

I’d like to ask your advice.

How do you think can I persuade him to go alone?

Could you give me a bit of advice?

What do you think I should do?

What do you advise me to do?

Do you think I must give up without any argument?

C.

Phrases used to give suggestions/advice

What about…

How about….

Why don’t we

Why don’t you…

Why not….

I suggest us…

We could try to…

I’d like to suggest…

If I may make a suggestion…

Shall we...

Couldn't you…

You could try to…

Perhaps you could…

If I were you, I would…

We might as well…

You may like to…

Have you ever considered…?

Have you ever thought of…?

I think you should/ought to …

The best thing would be to...

It would be best if…

One way would be to…

Don’t you think it would be a good idea to…?

Do you think it would be a good idea to…?

D.

Role Play

You are a young person who has decided to marry someone you love who comes from another country (for example, Australia). Today you’ll tell one of your friends of this decision, and ask for his/her advice. Below are some of the reasons why you think your cosmopolitan marriage will be successful (think of other reasons by yourself?)

You feel that by such a marriage, you will:

• Develop a broader point-of-view
• Enjoy more straightforward, honest communication
• Share cultural backgrounds
• Have a chance to ravel or live overseas
• Be able to raise bilingual children

You will speak first. Act your part! Listen carefully to your partner!

Order / Signals / Encouragement

A.

Read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by-heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

B.

Sentences of Order

Go slowly

Go at once.

Go straight.

Go away.

Go ahead.

Go up.

Go down.

Go back

Go yourself.

Wait here.

Come here.

Look here

Take here.

Stop here.

Stop.

Speak.

Listen

Take this.

Come near

Wait outside.

Get off

Be ready

Keep quiet

Be careful

Try again

Don’t move

Clean properly

Don’t go

Don’t forget

Don’t break

Don’t trouble

Don’t cut jokes

Don’t talk nonsense

Don’t delay

Don’t worry

Don’t tease him

Don’t be late

Don’t be silly

Don’t say anything to him/her

Don’t delay

Don’t be late

Don’t write with a pencil

Don’t fail to inform me

Don’t study at the cost of your health

Don’t do so in future

Let this not happen in future

Don’t beat about the bush

Don’t pluck the flowers

Don’t chatter

Don’t talk nonsense

Don’t be silly

Don’t hold up the work

Don’t go near that tree.

C.

Signals

Just Listen.

Come soon

Look ahead.

Drive slowly

Move ahead

Inform about her/him

Never mind

Never forget

Ask his name

Mind your business

Come soon

Be ready

Take care of her

Move aside

Think before you speak

Do come

Leave it

As you like

Do come again

Keep your house clean

Come to the point/do not beat about the bush

Take this dose

Follow me

Tie your shoe lace

Work while you work and play while you play

Strike the iron when it is hot

Vacate the place

See devil

Watch him

Be ready

Light the lamp

Switch on the light

Put off the lamp

Switch off the light

Switch on the fan

Send for him

Let these people do their work

Wash your hands

Come soon

Stop the car

Write with a pen

Don’t copy others

Hire a taxi

Button up your coat.

Keep the fore on

Feed the horse with grass

Go and blow your nose

Lace your shoes tightly

Write a detailed letter

Write a long letter

Post this letter yourself

Be punctual

D.

Encouragement

Rest assured

Stop worrying

It’s not manly to cry like children

What’s bothering you?

There is nothing to fear

Don’t worry about me

Don’t be scared

Don’t hesitate

There is no need to worry

I’m no bothered about it.

You can ask me if there is any difficulty

Take whatever you need

You are unnecessarily worried/worrying

I am proud of you.

It doesn’t matter

Don’t feel nervous.

Phrases used to make requests

A.

Small expressions like “look here”, “Just coming” etc., are very essential to carry on a conversation fluently. Explaining, persuading, advising, sharing, or-daring, influencing – most of our day to day life is spent in verbal or non-verbal communication with others. The infinite possibilities of strong language enable us to convey meaning and define who we are in our personal lives and our career. Just being good at your job doesn’t cut it today. Your skills are limited without a well-developed ability to communicate ideas and intentions. It is your verbal and body language that will take you to the top and allow you to excel there.

To master the skill of making small expressions of this kind read the following word groups aloud several times. Please don’t try to learn by-heart. Your sub-conscious mind will do that job, even without your knowledge, and rush onto your tongue whenever required. Yes, your job is just to read these word groups aloud several times.

B.

General

That’s enough.

Thanks for this honour.

Welcome!

Rest assured.

Not the least.

O.K.

Why not!

Not a bit.

Ta-Ta!

See you tomorrow.

Just coming. / Just a sec’

Very well.

Never mind.

Nothing more.

Nothing special.

How dare he!

It’s fine.

As you like.

Any thing else?

Yes, by all means!

Too much.

Yes, sir!

No, Not at all.

C. 

Request

Please do try again.

Please wait a bit.

Please come here.

Please come in.

Please wake him up.

Please reply.

Please allow me to go.

Please stay a little longer.

Please keep quiet.

Let me see.

Let me work.

Let him pass.

Let me go.

Please wait.

Please come back.

Let it be.

Please come here.

Please reply/answer.

Please wake him up.

Hope to hear from you.

Will you do me favour?

Let me work.

Let me see.

Let them relax.

Please give me a pencil and paper.

Please come day after tomorrow, don’t forget.

Please repeat pardon/I beg your pardon.

Could I ask you to move a little?

Can you see me day after tomorrow?

You won’t forget to write me, will you?

Please forgive me.

Will you please open the window?

All are requested to arrive in time.

D.

Phrases used to make requests.

Please… will/would you…

Will/Would/Can/Could you please…

Do you mind…?

Do you think you could…?

Do you think it would be possible to...?

Would it be possible for you to…?

Would there be any possibility of…

Would you be so kind as to…?

Would you be kind enough to…?

Would you mind…?

Can/could you... for me, please?

Could you possibly…

I’d appreciate it if you could…

Can/Could I ask you to…?

I’d like you to please…

You couldn’t… could you?

You may want to…

You’d better…

I Want Something

A. 

I want something

Given below is a sentence we use at least 50 times a day. Practice saying it loudly.

I want a pizza/ a car/ a room….

I want some water /gas…

I want the News paper/ the telephone…

I need a job/ a glass of water….

B. 

EXERCISE

Make 25 small sentences beginning “I want….” and “I need…”

1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.  
7.  
8.  
9.  
10.  
11.  
12.  
13.  
14.  
15.  
16.  
17.  
18.  
19.  
20.  
21.  
22.  
23.  
24.   
25.  

C

Remember

The is used, when we talk about a particular person or thing, or one already referred to ( i.e. when it is clear from the context which one we mean)

The book you want is out of print (Which book? The one you want.)

Let’s go to the park. (=the park in this town)

The girl cried (the girl=the girl already talked about)

When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as,

The cow is a useful animal.     [Or we may say, “Cows are useful animals.”]

The banyan is a kind of fig tree. [Do not say, “A kind of a fig tree”. This is a common error.]

Man and woman can be used in a general sense without either a, an or the

Man is the only animal that uses fire.

Woman is man’s mate.

The is used before the names of

1. Oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the Black Sea.
2. Rivers, e.g. the Ganga, the Nile
3. Canals, e.g. the Suez Canal
4. Deserts, e.g. the Sahara
5. Groups of islands, e.g. the West Indies.
6. Mountain-ranges, e.g. the Himalayas, the Alps
7. A very few names of countries, which include words like republic and kingdom (e.g. the Irish Republic, the United Kingdom) also; the Ukraine, the Netherlands (and its seat of government the Hague)
8. Certain books; e.g. the Vedas, the Puranas, the lliad, the Ramayana.
9. Things unique of their kinds; as, The sun, the sky, the ocean, the sea, the earth.
10. With superlatives; as, the darkest could have a silver lining. This is the best book of elementary chemistry.
11. With ordinals; as, He was the first man to arrive. The ninth chapter of the book is very interesting.
12. Before musical instruments; as, He can play the flute.

Self Introduction

A.

Introducing oneself is much more difficult because here you are totally on your own and the other person is an absolute stranger to you. Barging into a discussion without a proper introduction, no matter how small, is like gate-crashing at a party. It is a critical first step that should never be overlooked. The first rule of introduction is “Never ask for the other persons introduction without giving yours first.” And how you can introduce yourself to the other person? It’s simple, go up to that person and introduce yourself by saying, “Hello, I am Venkatesh, Managing Director of Microsoft” and set the ball rolling.

To avoid being tongue-tied when you try to start a conversation with someone you don’t know, prepare a self-introduction that is clear, interesting, and well delivered. What you say about yourself will depend on the nature of the event, but in any case, it shouldn’t take longer than 8-10 seconds. Although practicing your introduction might at first seem silly and artificial, it will eventually help you make an introduction that sounds natural, confident, and smooth. Here are a few examples.

“Hi, my name is Swarnam. I’m glad to have this chance to meet you and learn….

Good Morning, I’m Venkatesh, a former summer intern at your Los Angeles branch.

“Hello, my name is Deepika. I’m a junior rhetoric major looking to find out what it’s like working in public relations and marketing.” [from an interview text]

If you are attending a discussion without a self introduction, you may find that your opinions will be mostly ignored by existing members. Be yourself. Be short and direct. Don’t try to sell yourself, your products or your service in your introduction. You can mention what you do, but quickly and subtly. Your introduction should express a little about who you are. Expose some of your style and personality.

In spoken English, I and Am are often joined to form a contraction that looks like this in writing “I’m” – and rhymes with words like “time” and “lime”

I am Chandu/Deepika/Swarna….

I am a student/teacher/….

I am an Indian/Bengali/…

I am rich /old/young/…..

I am eating/sleeping/working…..

I am a man/ girl/ boy….

I am tall/fat/sick/tired…..

I am happy / sad/ hungry….

I am smart/clean/pretty….

I am the owner / driver….

Exercise

Make 20 small sentences beginning “I am...”

1. I am a good boy.
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Remember!

            The choice between and an is determined by sound. An is used before a word beginning with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) sound.

E.g. An ass, an enemy, an ink-stand, an orange, an umbrella, an honest man, an heir.

It will be noticed that the words, honorary, hour, honest, heir begin with a vowel sound, as the initial consonant h is silent. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound( b,c, d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z) A boy, a reindeer, a woman, a yard, a horse, a hole, Also a university, a union, a European, a unicorn, a useful because these words ( university, union, etc.) begin with a consonant sound, that of you. Similarly we say, a one-rupee note, such a one, a one eyed man, because one begins with the consonant sound of Some Native speakers use an before words beginning with h if the first syllable is not stressed.

An hotel (More common: a hotel)

An historical novel (More common: a historical novel).

Take note of the sound at the beginning of a word when deciding whether to use a or an